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In this chapter, we will discuss in detail Printing and Email as the basic utilities of Unix. So far, we have tried to understand the Unix OS and the nature of its basic commands. In this chapter, we will learn some important Unix utilities that can be used in our day-to-day life.

Printing Files

Before you print a file on a Unix system, you may want to reformat it to adjust the margins, highlight some words, and so on. Most files can also be printed without reformatting, but the raw printout may not be that appealing.

Many versions of Unix include two powerful text formatters, nroff, and troff.

The pr Command

The pr command does minor formatting of files on the terminal screen or for a printer. For example, if you have a long list of names in a file, you can format it onscreen into two or more columns.

Following is the syntax for the pr command −

pr option(s) filename(s)

The pr changes the format of the file only on the screen or on the printed copy; it doesn’t modify the original file. The following table lists some pr options −

Before using pr, here are the contents of a sample file named food.

$cat food

Sweet Tooth

Bangkok Wok

Mandalay

Afghani Cuisine

Isle of Java

Big Apple Deli

Sushi and Sashimi

Tio Pepe's Peppers

........

$

Let’s use the pr command to make a two-column report with the header Restaurants −

$pr -2 -h "Restaurants" food

Nov  7  9:58 1997  Restaurants   Page 1

Sweet Tooth              Isle of Java

Bangkok Wok              Big Apple Deli

Mandalay                 Sushi and Sashimi

Afghani Cuisine          Tio Pepe's Peppers

........

$

The lp and lpr Commands

The command lp or lpr prints a file onto paper as opposed to the screen display. Once you are ready with formatting using the pr command, you can use any of these commands to print your file on the printer connected to your computer.

Your system administrator has probably set up a default printer at your site. To print a file named food on the default printer, use the lp or lpr command, as in the following example −

$lp food

request id is laserp-525  (1 file)

$

The lp command shows an ID that you can use to cancel the print job or check its status.

• If you are using the lp command, you can use the -nNum option to print Num number of copies. Along with the command lpr, you can use –Num for the same.
• If there are multiple printers connected with the shared network, then you can choose a printer using -dprinter option along with lp command and for the same purpose you can use -Pprinter option along with lpr command. Here printer is the printer name.

The lpstat and lpq Commands

The lpstat command shows what’s in the printer queue: request IDs, owners, file sizes, when the jobs were sent for printing, and the status of the requests.

Use lpstat -o if you want to see all output requests other than just your own. Requests are shown in the order they’ll be printed −

$lpstat -o

laserp-573  john  128865  Nov 7  11:27  on laserp

laserp-574  grace  82744  Nov 7  11:28

laserp-575  john   23347  Nov 7  11:35

$

The lpq gives slightly different information than lpstat -o −

$lpq

laserp is ready and printing

Rank   Owner      Job  Files                  Total Size

active john       573  report.ps              128865 bytes

1st    grace      574  ch03.ps ch04.ps        82744 bytes

2nd    john       575  standard input         23347 bytes

$

Here the first line displays the printer status. If the printer is disabled or running out of paper, you may see different messages on this first line.

The cancel and lprm Commands

The cancel command terminates a printing request from the lp command. The lprm command terminates all lpr requests. You can specify either the ID of the request (displayed by lp or lpq) or the name of the printer.

$cancel laserp-575

request "laserp-575" cancelled

$

To cancel whatever request is currently printing, regardless of its ID, simply enter cancel and the printer name −

$cancel laserp

request "laserp-573" cancelled

$

The lprm command will cancel the active job if it belongs to you. Otherwise, you can give job numbers as arguments, or use a dash (-) to remove all of your jobs −

$lprm 575

dfA575diamond dequeued

cfA575diamond dequeued

$

The lprm command tells you the actual filenames removed from the printer queue.

Sending Email

You use the Unix mail command to send and receive mail. Here is the syntax to send an email −

$mail [-s subject] [-c cc-addr] [-b bcc-addr] to-addr

Here are important options related to mail command −s

Following is an example to send a test message to admin@adglob.in

$mail -s "Test Message" admin@adglob.in 

You are then expected to type in your message, followed by “control-D” at the beginning of a line. To stop, simply type a dot (.) as follows −

Hi,

This is a test

.

Cc: 

You can send a complete file using a redirect < operator as follows −

$mail -s "Report 05/06/07" admin@adglob.in < demo.txt 

To check incoming email at your Unix system, you simply type email as follows −

$mail

no email