In this guide, we will discuss Scala Tutorial. Scala is a modern multi-paradigm programming language designed to express common programming patterns in a concise, elegant, and type-safe way. Scala has been created by Martin Odersky and he released the first version in 2003. Scala smoothly integrates the features of object-oriented and functional languages. This tutorial explains the basics of Scala in a simple and reader-friendly way.
Audience
This tutorial has been prepared for beginners to help them understand the basics of Scala in simple and easy steps. After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in using Scala from where you can take yourself to next levels.
Prerequisites
Scala Programming is based on Java, so if you are aware of Java syntax, then it’s pretty easy to learn Scala. Further if you do not have expertise in Java but if you know any other programming language like C, C++ or Python then it will also help in grasping Scala concepts very quickly.
Overview
Scala, short for Scalable Language, is a hybrid functional programming language. It was created by Martin Odersky. Scala smoothly integrates the features of object-oriented and functional languages. Scala is compiled to run on the Java Virtual Machine. Many existing companies, who depend on Java for business critical applications, are turning to Scala to boost their development productivity, applications scalability and overall reliability.
Here we have presented a few points that makes Scala the first choice of application developers.
Scala is object-oriented
Scala is a pure object-oriented language in the sense that every value is an object. Types and behavior of objects are described by classes and traits which will be explained in subsequent chapters.
Classes are extended by subclassing and a flexible mixin-based composition mechanism as a clean replacement for multiple inheritance.
Scala is functional
Scala is also a functional language in the sense that every function is a value and every value is an object so ultimately every function is an object.
Scala provides a lightweight syntax for defining anonymous functions, it supports higher-order functions, it allows functions to be nested, and supports currying. These concepts will be explained in subsequent chapters.
Scala is statically typed
Scala, unlike some of the other statically typed languages (C, Pascal, Rust, etc.), does not expect you to provide redundant type information. You don’t have to specify a type in most cases, and you certainly don’t have to repeat it.
Scala runs on the JVM
Scala is compiled into Java Byte Code which is executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). This means that Scala and Java have a common runtime platform. You can easily move from Java to Scala.
The Scala compiler compiles your Scala code into Java Byte Code, which can then be executed by the ‘scala‘ command. The ‘scala‘ command is similar to the java command, in that it executes your compiled Scala code.
Scala can Execute Java Code
Scala enables you to use all the classes of the Java SDK and also your own custom Java classes, or your favorite Java open source projects.
Scala can do Concurrent & Synchronize processing
Scala allows you to express general programming patterns in an effective way. It reduces the number of lines and helps the programmer to code in a type-safe way. It allows you to write codes in an immutable manner, which makes it easy to apply concurrency and parallelism (Synchronize).
Scala vs Java
Scala has a set of features that completely differ from Java. Some of these are −
- All types are objects
- Type inference
- Nested Functions
- Functions are objects
- Domain specific language (DSL) support
- Traits
- Closures
- Concurrency support inspired by Erlang
Scala Web Frameworks
Scala is being used everywhere and importantly in enterprise web applications. You can check a few of the most popular Scala web frameworks −
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