In this chapter, we will discuss loop and decision making in Prolog.
Loops
Loop statements are used to execute the code block multiple times. In general, for, while, do-while are loop constructs in programming languages (like Java, C, C++).
Code block is executed multiple times using recursive predicate logic. There are no direct loops in some other languages, but we can simulate loops with few different techniques.
Program
count_to_10(10) :- write(10),nl. count_to_10(X) :- write(X),nl, Y is X + 1, count_to_10(Y).
Output
| ?- [loop]. compiling D:/TP Prolog/Sample_Codes/loop.pl for byte code... D:/TP Prolog/Sample_Codes/loop.pl compiled, 4 lines read - 751 bytes written, 16 ms (16 ms) yes | ?- count_to_10(3). 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 true ? yes | ?-
Now create a loop that takes lowest and highest values. So, we can use the between() to simulate loops.
Program
Let us see an example program −
count_down(L, H) :- between(L, H, Y), Z is H - Y, write(Z), nl. count_up(L, H) :- between(L, H, Y), Z is L + Y, write(Z), nl.
Output
| ?- [loop]. compiling D:/TP Prolog/Sample_Codes/loop.pl for byte code... D:/TP Prolog/Sample_Codes/loop.pl compiled, 14 lines read - 1700 bytes written, 16 ms yes | ?- count_down(12,17). 5 true ? ; 4 true ? ; 3 true ? ; 2 true ? ; 1 true ? ; 0 yes | ?- count_up(5,12). 10 true ? ; 11 true ? ; 12 true ? ; 13 true ? ; 14 true ? ; 15 true ? ; 16 true ? ; 17 yes | ?-
Decision Making
The decision statements are If-Then-Else statements. So when we try to match some condition, and perform some task, then we use the decision making statements. The basic usage is as follows −
If <condition> is true, Then <do this>, Else
In some different programming languages, there are If-Else statements, but in Prolog we have to define our statements in some other manner. Following is an example of decision making in Prolog.
Program
% If-Then-Else statement
gt(X,Y) :- X >= Y,write('X is greater or equal').
gt(X,Y) :- X < Y,write('X is smaller').
% If-Elif-Else statement
gte(X,Y) :- X > Y,write('X is greater').
gte(X,Y) :- X =:= Y,write('X and Y are same').
gte(X,Y) :- X < Y,write('X is smaller').
Output
| ?- [test]. compiling D:/TP Prolog/Sample_Codes/test.pl for byte code... D:/TP Prolog/Sample_Codes/test.pl compiled, 3 lines read - 529 bytes written, 15 ms yes | ?- gt(10,100). X is smaller yes | ?- gt(150,100). X is greater or equal true ? yes | ?- gte(10,20). X is smaller (15 ms) yes | ?- gte(100,20). X is greater true ? yes | ?- gte(100,100). X and Y are same true ? yes | ?-
In this chapter, we will discuss loops and decision making in Prolog.
Loops
Loop statements are used to execute the code block multiple times. In general, for, while, do-while are loop constructs in programming languages (like Java, C, C++).
Code block is executed multiple times using recursive predicate logic. There are no direct loops in some other languages, but we can simulate loops with few different techniques.
Program
count_to_10(10) :- write(10),nl. count_to_10(X) :- write(X),nl, Y is X + 1, count_to_10(Y).
Output
| ?- [loop]. compiling D:/TP Prolog/Sample_Codes/loop.pl for byte code... D:/TP Prolog/Sample_Codes/loop.pl compiled, 4 lines read - 751 bytes written, 16 ms (16 ms) yes | ?- count_to_10(3). 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 true ? yes | ?-
Now create a loop that takes lowest and highest values. So, we can use the between() to simulate loops.
Program
Let us see an example program −
count_down(L, H) :- between(L, H, Y), Z is H - Y, write(Z), nl. count_up(L, H) :- between(L, H, Y), Z is L + Y, write(Z), nl.
Output
| ?- [loop]. compiling D:/TP Prolog/Sample_Codes/loop.pl for byte code... D:/TP Prolog/Sample_Codes/loop.pl compiled, 14 lines read - 1700 bytes written, 16 ms yes | ?- count_down(12,17). 5 true ? ; 4 true ? ; 3 true ? ; 2 true ? ; 1 true ? ; 0 yes | ?- count_up(5,12). 10 true ? ; 11 true ? ; 12 true ? ; 13 true ? ; 14 true ? ; 15 true ? ; 16 true ? ; 17 yes | ?-
Decision Making
The decision statements are If-Then-Else statements. So when we try to match some condition, and perform some task, then we use the decision making statements. The basic usage is as follows −
If <condition> is true, Then <do this>, Else
In some different programming languages, there are If-Else statements, but in Prolog we have to define our statements in some other manner. Following is an example of decision making in Prolog.
Program
% If-Then-Else statement
gt(X,Y) :- X >= Y,write('X is greater or equal').
gt(X,Y) :- X < Y,write('X is smaller').
% If-Elif-Else statement
gte(X,Y) :- X > Y,write('X is greater').
gte(X,Y) :- X =:= Y,write('X and Y are same').
gte(X,Y) :- X < Y,write('X is smaller').
Output
| ?- [test]. compiling D:/TP Prolog/Sample_Codes/test.pl for byte code... D:/TP Prolog/Sample_Codes/test.pl compiled, 3 lines read - 529 bytes written, 15 ms yes | ?- gt(10,100). X is smaller yes | ?- gt(150,100). X is greater or equal true ? yes | ?- gte(10,20). X is smaller (15 ms) yes | ?- gte(100,20). X is greater true ? yes | ?- gte(100,100). X and Y are same true ? yes | ?-
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