This chapter provides a list of the PostgreSQL SQL commands, followed by the precise syntax rules for each of these commands. This set of commands is taken from the psql command-line tool. Now that you have Postgres installed, open the psql as −
Program Files → PostgreSQL 9.2 → SQL Shell(psql).
Using psql, you can generate a complete list of commands by using the \help command. For the syntax of a specific command, use the following command −
postgres-# \help <command_name>
The SQL Statement
An SQL statement is comprised of tokens where each token can represent either a keyword, identifier, quoted identifier, constant, or special character symbol. The table given below uses a simple SELECT statement to illustrate a basic, but complete, SQL statement and its components.
| SELECT | id, name | FROM | states | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Token Type | Keyword | Identifiers | Keyword | Identifier |
| Description | Command | Id and name columns | Clause | Table name |
PostgreSQL SQL commands
ABORT
Abort the current transaction.
ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
ALTER AGGREGATE
Change the definition of an aggregate function.
ALTER AGGREGATE name ( type ) RENAME TO new_name ALTER AGGREGATE name ( type ) OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER CONVERSION
Change the definition of a conversion.
ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO new_name ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER DATABASE
Change a database specific parameter.
ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter
ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER DOMAIN
Change the definition of a domain specific parameter.
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT }
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint
ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER FUNCTION
Change the definition of a function.
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) RENAME TO new_name ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER GROUP
Change a user group.
ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [, ... ] ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [, ... ] ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO new_name
ALTER INDEX
Change the definition of an index.
ALTER INDEX name OWNER TO new_owner ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE indexspace_name ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER LANGUAGE
Change the definition of a procedural language.
ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER OPERATOR
Change the definition of an operator.
ALTER OPERATOR name ( { lefttype | NONE }, { righttype | NONE } )
OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS
Change the definition of an operator class.
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO new_name ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER SCHEMA
Change the definition of a schema.
ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO new_name ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER SEQUENCE
Change the definition of a sequence generator.
ALTER SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ] [ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ] [ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ] [ RESTART [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]
ALTER TABLE
Change the definition of a table.
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ] action [, ... ] ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ] RENAME [ COLUMN ] column TO new_column ALTER TABLE name RENAME TO new_name
Where action is one of the following lines −
ADD [ COLUMN ] column_type [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
DROP [ COLUMN ] column [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column TYPE type [ USING expression ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET DEFAULT expression
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column DROP DEFAULT
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STATISTICS integer
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STORAGE { PLAIN | EXTERNAL | EXTENDED | MAIN }
ADD table_constraint
DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
CLUSTER ON index_name
SET WITHOUT CLUSTER
SET WITHOUT OIDS
OWNER TO new_owner
SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name
ALTER TABLESPACE
Change the definition of a tablespace.
ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO new_name ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER TRIGGER
Change the definition of a trigger.
ALTER TRIGGER name ON table RENAME TO new_name
ALTER TYPE
Change the definition of a type.
ALTER TYPE name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER USER
Change a database user account.
ALTER USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
ALTER USER name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER USER name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER USER name RESET parameter
Where option can be −
[ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password' | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB | CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER | VALID UNTIL 'abstime'
ANALYZE
Collect statistics about a database.
ANALYZE [ VERBOSE ] [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]
BEGIN
Start a transaction block.
BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]
Where transaction_mode is one of −
ISOLATION LEVEL {
SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED
}
READ WRITE | READ ONLY
CHECKPOINT
Force a transaction log checkpoint.
CHECKPOINT
CLOSE
Close a cursor.
CLOSE name
CLUSTER
Cluster a table according to an index.
CLUSTER index_name ON table_name CLUSTER table_name CLUSTER
COMMENT
Define or change the comment of an object.
COMMENT ON {
TABLE object_name |
COLUMN table_name.column_name |
AGGREGATE agg_name (agg_type) |
CAST (source_type AS target_type) |
CONSTRAINT constraint_name ON table_name |
CONVERSION object_name |
DATABASE object_name |
DOMAIN object_name |
FUNCTION func_name (arg1_type, arg2_type, ...) |
INDEX object_name |
LARGE OBJECT large_object_oid |
OPERATOR op (left_operand_type, right_operand_type) |
OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method |
[ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE object_name |
RULE rule_name ON table_name |
SCHEMA object_name |
SEQUENCE object_name |
TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name |
TYPE object_name |
VIEW object_name
}
IS 'text'
COMMIT
Commit the current transaction.
COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
COPY
Copy data between a file and a table.
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
FROM { 'filename' | STDIN }
[ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...] ]
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
TO { 'filename' | STDOUT }
[ [ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE QUOTE column [, ...] ]
CREATE AGGREGATE
Define a new aggregate function.
CREATE AGGREGATE name ( BASETYPE = input_data_type, SFUNC = sfunc, STYPE = state_data_type [, FINALFUNC = ffunc ] [, INITCOND = initial_condition ] )
CREATE CAST
Define a new cast.
CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type) WITH FUNCTION func_name (arg_types) [ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ] CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type) WITHOUT FUNCTION [ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]
CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER
Define a new constraint trigger.
CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER name AFTER events ON table_name constraint attributes FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( args )
CREATE CONVERSION
Define a new conversion.
CREATE [DEFAULT] CONVERSION name FOR source_encoding TO dest_encoding FROM func_name
CREATE DATABASE
Create a new database.
CREATE DATABASE name [ [ WITH ] [ OWNER [=] db_owner ] [ TEMPLATE [=] template ] [ ENCODING [=] encoding ] [ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace ] ]
CREATE DOMAIN
Define a new domain.
CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type [ DEFAULT expression ] [ constraint [ ... ] ]
Where constraint is −
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ NOT NULL | NULL | CHECK (expression) }
CREATE FUNCTION
Define a new function.
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION name ( [ [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] )
RETURNS ret_type
{ LANGUAGE lang_name
| IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE
| CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT
| [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER
| AS 'definition'
| AS 'obj_file', 'link_symbol'
} ...
[ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ]
CREATE GROUP
Define a new user group.
CREATE GROUP name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ] Where option can be: SYSID gid | USER username [, ...]
CREATE INDEX
Define a new index.
CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX name ON table [ USING method ]
( { column | ( expression ) } [ opclass ] [, ...] )
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
[ WHERE predicate ]
CREATE LANGUAGE
Define a new procedural language.
CREATE [ TRUSTED ] [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name HANDLER call_handler [ VALIDATOR val_function ]
CREATE OPERATOR
Define a new operator.
CREATE OPERATOR name ( PROCEDURE = func_name [, LEFTARG = left_type ] [, RIGHTARG = right_type ] [, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ] [, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ] [, HASHES ] [, MERGES ] [, SORT1 = left_sort_op ] [, SORT2 = right_sort_op ] [, LTCMP = less_than_op ] [, GTCMP = greater_than_op ] )
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS
Define a new operator class.
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS name [ DEFAULT ] FOR TYPE data_type
USING index_method AS
{ OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name [ ( op_type, op_type ) ] [ RECHECK ]
| FUNCTION support_number func_name ( argument_type [, ...] )
| STORAGE storage_type
} [, ... ]
CREATE RULE
Define a new rewrite rule.
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RULE name AS ON event
TO table [ WHERE condition ]
DO [ ALSO | INSTEAD ] { NOTHING | command | ( command ; command ... ) }
CREATE SCHEMA
Define a new schema.
CREATE SCHEMA schema_name [ AUTHORIZATION username ] [ schema_element [ ... ] ] CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION username [ schema_element [ ... ] ]
CREATE SEQUENCE
Define a new sequence generator.
CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ] [ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ] [ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ] [ START [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]
CREATE TABLE
Define a new table.
CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] {
TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name ( {
column_name data_type [ DEFAULT default_expr ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
| table_constraint
| LIKE parent_table [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } DEFAULTS ]
} [, ... ]
)
[ INHERITS ( parent_table [, ... ] ) ]
[ WITH OIDS | WITHOUT OIDS ]
[ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
Where column_constraint is −
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] {
NOT NULL |
NULL |
UNIQUE [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
PRIMARY KEY [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
CHECK (expression) |
REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ]
[ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
[ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ]
}
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]
And table_constraint is −
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
CHECK ( expression ) |
FOREIGN KEY ( column_name [, ... ] )
REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column [, ... ] ) ]
[ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
[ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] }
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]
CREATE TABLE AS
Define a new table from the results of a query.
CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name
[ (column_name [, ...] ) ] [ [ WITH | WITHOUT ] OIDS ]
AS query
CREATE TABLESPACE
Define a new tablespace.
CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name [ OWNER username ] LOCATION 'directory'
CREATE TRIGGER
Define a new trigger.
CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR ... ] }
ON table [ FOR [ EACH ] { ROW | STATEMENT } ]
EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( arguments )
CREATE TYPE
Define a new data type.
CREATE TYPE name AS
( attribute_name data_type [, ... ] )
CREATE TYPE name (
INPUT = input_function,
OUTPUT = output_function
[, RECEIVE = receive_function ]
[, SEND = send_function ]
[, ANALYZE = analyze_function ]
[, INTERNALLENGTH = { internal_length | VARIABLE } ]
[, PASSEDBYVALUE ]
[, ALIGNMENT = alignment ]
[, STORAGE = storage ]
[, DEFAULT = default ]
[, ELEMENT = element ]
[, DELIMITER = delimiter ]
)
CREATE USER
Define a new database user account.
CREATE USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
Where option can be −
SYSID uid | [ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password' | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB | CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER | IN GROUP group_name [, ...] | VALID UNTIL 'abs_time'
CREATE VIEW
Define a new view.
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] AS query
DEALLOCATE
Deallocate a prepared statement.
DEALLOCATE [ PREPARE ] plan_name
DECLARE
Define a cursor.
DECLARE name [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ]
CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR query
[ FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF column [, ...] ] } ]
DELETE
Delete rows of a table.
DELETE FROM [ ONLY ] table [ WHERE condition ]
DROP AGGREGATE
Remove an aggregate function.
DROP AGGREGATE name ( type ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP CAST
Remove a cast.
DROP CAST (source_type AS target_type) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP CONVERSION
Remove a conversion.
DROP CONVERSION name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP DATABASE
Remove a database.
DROP DATABASE name
DROP DOMAIN
Remove a domain.
DROP DOMAIN name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP FUNCTION
Remove a function.
DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP GROUP
Remove a user group.
DROP GROUP name
DROP INDEX
Remove an index.
DROP INDEX name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP LANGUAGE
Remove a procedural language.
DROP [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP OPERATOR
Remove an operator.
DROP OPERATOR name ( { left_type | NONE }, { right_type | NONE } )
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP OPERATOR CLASS
Remove an operator class.
DROP OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP RULE
Remove a rewrite rule.
DROP RULE name ON relation [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP SCHEMA
Remove a schema.
DROP SCHEMA name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP SEQUENCE
Remove a sequence.
DROP SEQUENCE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP TABLE
Remove a table.
DROP TABLE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP TABLESPACE
Remove a tablespace.
DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name
DROP TRIGGER
Remove a trigger.
DROP TRIGGER name ON table [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP TYPE
Remove a data type.
DROP TYPE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP USER
Remove a database user account.
DROP USER name
DROP VIEW
Remove a view.
DROP VIEW name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
END
Commit the current transaction.
END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
EXECUTE
Execute a prepared statement.
EXECUTE plan_name [ (parameter [, ...] ) ]
EXPLAIN
Show the execution plan of a statement.
EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] statement
FETCH
Retrieve rows from a query using a cursor.
FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name
Where direction can be empty or one of −
NEXT PRIOR FIRST LAST ABSOLUTE count RELATIVE count count ALL FORWARD FORWARD count FORWARD ALL BACKWARD BACKWARD count BACKWARD ALL
GRANT
Define access privileges.
GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
INSERT
Create new rows in a table.
INSERT INTO table [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
{ DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) | query }
LISTEN
Listen for a notification.
LISTEN name
LOAD
Load or reload a shared library file.
LOAD 'filename'
LOCK
Lock a table.
LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...] [ IN lock_mode MODE ] [ NOWAIT ]
Where lock_mode is one of −
ACCESS SHARE | ROW SHARE | ROW EXCLUSIVE | SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE | SHARE | SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | ACCESS EXCLUSIVE
MOVE
Position a cursor.
MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name
NOTIFY
Generate a notification.
NOTIFY name
PREPARE
Prepare a statement for execution.
PREPARE plan_name [ (data_type [, ...] ) ] AS statement
REINDEX
Rebuild indexes.
REINDEX { DATABASE | TABLE | INDEX } name [ FORCE ]
RELEASE SAVEPOINT
Destroy a previously defined savepoint.
RELEASE [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name
RESET
Restore the value of a runtime parameter to the default value.
RESET name RESET ALL
REVOKE
Remove access privileges.
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
ROLLBACK
Abort the current transaction.
ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
Roll back to a savepoint.
ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name
SAVEPOINT
Define a new savepoint within the current transaction.
SAVEPOINT savepoint_name
SELECT
Retrieve rows from a table or view.
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]
Where from_item can be one of:
[ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ] ( select ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] | column_definition [, ...] ) ] function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) AS ( column_definition [, ...] ) from_item [ NATURAL ] join_type from_item [ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column [, ...] ) ]
SELECT INTO
Define a new table from the results of a query.
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]
SET
Change a runtime parameter.
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] name { TO | = } { value | 'value' | DEFAULT }
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] TIME ZONE { time_zone | LOCAL | DEFAULT }
SET CONSTRAINTS
Set constraint checking modes for the current transaction.
SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | name [, ...] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
Set the session user identifier and the current user identifier of the current session.
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION username SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
SET TRANSACTION
Set the characteristics of the current transaction.
SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...] SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
Where transaction_mode is one of −
ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY
SHOW
Show the value of a runtime parameter.
SHOW name SHOW ALL
START TRANSACTION
Start a transaction block.
START TRANSACTION [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]
Where transaction_mode is one of −
ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY
TRUNCATE
Empty a table.
TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] name
UNLISTEN
Stop listening for a notification.
UNLISTEN { name | * }
UPDATE
Update rows of a table.
UPDATE [ ONLY ] table SET column = { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...]
[ FROM from_list ]
[ WHERE condition ]
VACUUM
Garbage-collect and optionally analyze a database.
VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] [ table ] VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] ANALYZE [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]