Installation
The PostgreSQL can be integrated with Perl using Perl DBI module, which is a database access module for the Perl programming language. It defines a set of methods, variables and conventions that provide a standard database interface.
Here are simple steps to install DBI module on your Linux/Unix machine −
$ wget http://search.cpan.org/CPAN/authors/id/T/TI/TIMB/DBI-1.625.tar.gz $ tar xvfz DBI-1.625.tar.gz $ cd DBI-1.625 $ perl Makefile.PL $ make $ make install
If you need to install SQLite driver for DBI, then it can be installed as follows −
$ wget http://search.cpan.org/CPAN/authors/id/T/TU/TURNSTEP/DBD-Pg-2.19.3.tar.gz $ tar xvfz DBD-Pg-2.19.3.tar.gz $ cd DBD-Pg-2.19.3 $ perl Makefile.PL $ make $ make install
Before you start using Perl PostgreSQL interface, find the pg_hba.conf file in your PostgreSQL installation directory and add the following line −
# IPv4 local connections: host all all 127.0.0.1/32 md5
You can start/restart the postgres server, in case it is not running, using the following command −
[root@host]# service postgresql restart Stopping postgresql service: [ OK ] Starting postgresql service: [ OK ]
DBI Interface APIs
Following are the important DBI routines, which can suffice your requirement to work with SQLite database from your Perl program. If you are looking for a more sophisticated application, then you can look into Perl DBI official documentation.
| S. No. | API & Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | DBI→connect($data_source, “userid”, “password”, \%attr)Establishes a database connection, or session, to the requested $data_source. Returns a database handle object if the connection succeeds.Datasource has the form like : DBI:Pg:dbname=$database;host=127.0.0.1;port=5432 Pg is PostgreSQL driver name and testdb is the name of database. |
| 2 | $dbh→do($sql)This routine prepares and executes a single SQL statement. Returns the number of rows affected or undef on error. A return value of -1 means the number of rows is not known, not applicable, or not available. Here $dbh is a handle returned by DBI→connect() call. |
| 3 | $dbh→prepare($sql)This routine prepares a statement for later execution by the database engine and returns a reference to a statement handle object. |
| 4 | $sth→execute()This routine performs whatever processing is necessary to execute the prepared statement. An undef is returned if an error occurs. A successful execute always returns true regardless of the number of rows affected. Here $sth is a statement handle returned by $dbh→prepare($sql) call. |
| 5 | $sth→fetchrow_array()This routine fetches the next row of data and returns it as a list containing the field values. Null fields are returned as undef values in the list. |
| 6 | $DBI::errThis is equivalent to $h→err, where $h is any of the handle types like $dbh, $sth, or $drh. This returns native database engine error code from the last driver method called. |
| 7 | $DBI::errstrThis is equivalent to $h→errstr, where $h is any of the handle types like $dbh, $sth, or $drh. This returns the native database engine error message from the last DBI method called. |
| 8 | $dbh->disconnect()This routine closes a database connection previously opened by a call to DBI→connect(). |
Connecting to Database
The following Perl code shows how to connect to an existing database. If the database does not exist, then it will be created and finally a database object will be returned.
#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use strict;
my $driver = "Pg";
my $database = "testdb";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname = $database;host = 127.0.0.1;port = 5432";
my $userid = "postgres";
my $password = "pass123";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";
Now, let us run the above given program to open our database testdb; if the database is successfully opened then it will give the following message −
Open database successfully
Create a Table
The following Perl program will be used to create a table in previously created database −
#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use strict;
my $driver = "Pg";
my $database = "testdb";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database;host=127.0.0.1;port=5432";
my $userid = "postgres";
my $password = "pass123";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";
my $stmt = qq(CREATE TABLE COMPANY
(ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
NAME TEXT NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR(50),
SALARY REAL););
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt);
if($rv < 0) {
print $DBI::errstr;
} else {
print "Table created successfully\n";
}
$dbh->disconnect();
When the above given program is executed, it will create COMPANY table in your testdb and it will display the following messages −
Opened database successfully Table created successfully
INSERT Operation
The following Perl program shows how we can create records in our COMPANY table created in above example −
#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use strict;
my $driver = "Pg";
my $database = "testdb";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname = $database;host = 127.0.0.1;port = 5432";
my $userid = "postgres";
my $password = "pass123";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";
my $stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (1, 'Paul', 32, 'California', 20000.00 ));
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
$stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (2, 'Allen', 25, 'Texas', 15000.00 ));
$rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
$stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (3, 'Teddy', 23, 'Norway', 20000.00 ));
$rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
$stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (4, 'Mark', 25, 'Rich-Mond ', 65000.00 ););
$rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Records created successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();
When the above given program is executed, it will create given records in COMPANY table and will display the following two lines −
Opened database successfully Records created successfully
SELECT Operation
The following Perl program shows how we can fetch and display records from our COMPANY table created in above example −
#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use strict;
my $driver = "Pg";
my $database = "testdb";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname = $database;host = 127.0.0.1;port = 5432";
my $userid = "postgres";
my $password = "pass123";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";
my $stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;);
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt );
my $rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr;
if($rv < 0) {
print $DBI::errstr;
}
while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) {
print "ID = ". $row[0] . "\n";
print "NAME = ". $row[1] ."\n";
print "ADDRESS = ". $row[2] ."\n";
print "SALARY = ". $row[3] ."\n\n";
}
print "Operation done successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();
When the above given program is executed, it will produce the following result −
Opened database successfully ID = 1 NAME = Paul ADDRESS = California SALARY = 20000 ID = 2 NAME = Allen ADDRESS = Texas SALARY = 15000 ID = 3 NAME = Teddy ADDRESS = Norway SALARY = 20000 ID = 4 NAME = Mark ADDRESS = Rich-Mond SALARY = 65000 Operation done successfully
UPDATE Operation
The following Perl code shows how we can use the UPDATE statement to update any record and then fetch and display updated records from our COMPANY table −
#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use strict;
my $driver = "Pg";
my $database = "testdb";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname = $database;host = 127.0.0.1;port = 5432";
my $userid = "postgres";
my $password = "pass123";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";
my $stmt = qq(UPDATE COMPANY set SALARY = 25000.00 where ID=1;);
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
if( $rv < 0 ) {
print $DBI::errstr;
}else{
print "Total number of rows updated : $rv\n";
}
$stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;);
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt );
$rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr;
if($rv < 0) {
print $DBI::errstr;
}
while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) {
print "ID = ". $row[0] . "\n";
print "NAME = ". $row[1] ."\n";
print "ADDRESS = ". $row[2] ."\n";
print "SALARY = ". $row[3] ."\n\n";
}
print "Operation done successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();
When the above given program is executed, it will produce the following result −
Opened database successfully Total number of rows updated : 1 ID = 1 NAME = Paul ADDRESS = California SALARY = 25000 ID = 2 NAME = Allen ADDRESS = Texas SALARY = 15000 ID = 3 NAME = Teddy ADDRESS = Norway SALARY = 20000 ID = 4 NAME = Mark ADDRESS = Rich-Mond SALARY = 65000 Operation done successfully
DELETE Operation
The following Perl code shows how we can use the DELETE statement to delete any record and then fetch and display the remaining records from our COMPANY table −
#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use strict;
my $driver = "Pg";
my $database = "testdb";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname = $database;host = 127.0.0.1;port = 5432";
my $userid = "postgres";
my $password = "pass123";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";
my $stmt = qq(DELETE from COMPANY where ID=2;);
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
if( $rv < 0 ) {
print $DBI::errstr;
} else{
print "Total number of rows deleted : $rv\n";
}
$stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;);
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt );
$rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr;
if($rv < 0) {
print $DBI::errstr;
}
while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) {
print "ID = ". $row[0] . "\n";
print "NAME = ". $row[1] ."\n";
print "ADDRESS = ". $row[2] ."\n";
print "SALARY = ". $row[3] ."\n\n";
}
print "Operation done successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();
When the above given program is executed, it will produce the following result −
Opened database successfully Total number of rows deleted : 1 ID = 1 NAME = Paul ADDRESS = California SALARY = 25000 ID = 3 NAME = Teddy ADDRESS = Norway SALARY = 20000 ID = 4 NAME = Mark ADDRESS = Rich-Mond SALARY = 65000 Operation done successfully